Public domain
The work and displayed translations are recorded as public domain or from an open transcription.
Baruch Spinoza
Ethics, Émile Saisset’s French Translation Section section-0209
Section 209 of 300
Canonical reference section-0209
French
Émile Saisset or Paul Janet
Démonstration : L’effort d’un être pour se conserver, c’est son essence même (par la Prop. 7, part. 3). Si donc il pouvait y avoir une vertu antérieure à celle-là, il faudrait concevoir l’essence de cet être comme antérieure à soi-même (par la Déf. 8, part. 4), ce qui est évidemment absurde. Donc nulle vertu, etc. C. Q. F. D.
Corollaire : L’effort d’un être pour se conserver est le premier et unique fondement de la vertu. Car aucun autre principe n’est antérieur à celui-là (par la Propos. précéd.), et sans lui (par la Propos. 21, part. 4) aucune vertu ne se peut concevoir.
Quand l’homme est déterminé à faire quelque action parce qu’il a des idées inadéquates, on ne peut dire d’une manière absolue qu’il agisse par vertu. Cela ne se peut dire qu’en tant que l’homme est déterminé par des idées claires.
Démonstration : En tant qu’il est déterminé à l’action parce qu’il a des idées inadéquates, l’homme pâtit (par la Propos. 1, part. 3), c’est-à-dire (par les Déf. 1 et 2, part. 3) fait quelque chose qui ne se peut concevoir par sa seule essence, en d’autres termes (par la Déf. 8, part. 4), qui ne suit pas de sa propre vertu. Au contraire, en tant qu’il est déterminé à quelque action parce qu’il a des idées claires, l’homme agit (par la Propos. 1, part. 3), c’est-à-dire (par la Déf. 2, part. 3) fait quelque chose qui se conçoit par sa seule essence, en d’autres termes (par la Déf. 8, part 4), qui résulte d’une façon adéquate de sa propre vertu. C. Q. F. D.
Agir absolument par vertu, ce n’est autre chose que suivre la raison dans nos actions, dans notre vie, dans la conservation de notre être (trois choses qui n’en font qu’une), et tout cela d’après la règle de l’intérêt propre de chacun.
English AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-11
Demonstration: A being's striving to preserve itself is its very essence (by Prop. 7, Part 3). Therefore, if there could be a virtue prior to this one, the essence of that being would have to be conceived as prior to itself (by Def. 8, Part 4), which is plainly absurd. Therefore, no virtue, etc. Q.E.D.
Corollary: A being's striving to preserve itself is the first and sole foundation of virtue. For no other principle is prior to this one (by the preceding Prop.), and without it (by Prop. 21, Part 4) no virtue can be conceived.
When man is determined to perform some action because he has inadequate ideas, it cannot be said absolutely that he acts from virtue. This can be said only insofar as man is determined by clear ideas.
Demonstration: Insofar as he is determined to action because he has inadequate ideas, man is passive (by Prop. 1, Part 3), that is (by Defs. 1 and 2, Part 3), he does something that cannot be conceived through his essence alone, in other words (by Def. 8, Part 4), that does not follow from his own virtue. On the contrary, insofar as he is determined to some action because he has clear ideas, man acts (by Prop. 1, Part 3), that is (by Def. 2, Part 3), he does something that is conceived through his essence alone, in other words (by Def. 8, Part 4), that results adequately from his own virtue. Q.E.D.
To act absolutely from virtue is nothing other than to follow reason in our actions, in our life, and in the preservation of our being (three things that are one), all according to the rule of each person's own interest.
Concepts in this passage
Adequate idea
View detailed page
Filter the library
Affects
View detailed page
Filter the library
Attribute
View detailed page
Filter the library
Conatus
View detailed page
Filter the library
Family
View detailed page
Filter the library
Freedom
View detailed page
Filter the library
Impressions and assent
View detailed page
Filter the library
Intellectual love of God
View detailed page
Filter the library
Mode
View detailed page
Filter the library
Necessity
View detailed page
Filter the library
Power to act
View detailed page
Filter the library
Reason
View detailed page
Filter the library
Service
View detailed page
Filter the library
Substance
View detailed page
Filter the library
Suffering
View detailed page
Filter the library
Virtue
View detailed page
Filter the library