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John Locke
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Section S16
Section 819 of 1,114
Canonical reference B3.C11.S16
English
Project Gutenberg transcription of Locke author text
Upon this ground it is that I am bold to think that morality is capable of demonstration, as well as mathematics: since the precise real essence of the things moral words stand for may be perfectly known, and so the congruity and incongruity of the things themselves be certainly discovered; in which consists perfect knowledge. Nor let any one object, that the names of substances are often to be made use of in morality, as well as those of modes, from which will arise obscurity. For, as to substances, when concerned in moral discourses, their divers natures are not so much inquired into as supposed: v.g. when we say that man is subject to law, we mean nothing by man but a corporeal rational creature: what the real essence or other qualities of that creature are in this case is no way considered. And, therefore, whether a child or changeling be a man, in a physical sense, may amongst the naturalists be as disputable as it will, it concerns not at all the moral man, as I may call him, which is this immovable, unchangeable idea, a corporeal rational being. For, were there a monkey, or any other creature, to be found that had the use of reason to such a degree, as to be able to understand general signs, and to deduce consequences about general ideas, he would no doubt be subject to law, and in that sense be a MAN, how much soever he differed in shape from others of that name. The names of substances, if they be used in them as they should, can no more disturb moral than they do mathematical discourses; where, if the mathematician speaks of a cube or globe of gold, or of any other body, he has his clear, settled idea, which varies not, though it may by mistake be applied to a particular body to which it belongs not.
French
Pierre Coste · Pierre Mortier, Amsterdam, 1735, third edition
C’eſt ſur ce fondement que j’oſe me perſuader que la Morale eſt capable de démonſtration auſſi bien que les Mathématiques, puiſqu’on peut connoître parfaitement & préciſément l’eſſence réelle des choſes que les termes de Morales ſignifient, par où la diſconvenance des choſes mêmes en quoi conſiſte la parfaite Connoiſſance. Et qu’on ne m’objecte pas que dans la Morale on a ſouvent occaſion d’employer les noms des Subſtances auſſi bien que ceux des Modes, ce qui cauſera l’obſcurité : car pour les Subſtances qui entrent dans les Diſcours de Morale, on en ſuppoſe les diverſes natures plûtôt qu’on ne ſonge à les rechercher. Par exemple, quand nous diſons, que l’Homme eſt ſujet aux Loix, nous n’entendons autre choſe par le mot Homme qu’une Créature corporelle & raiſonnable, ſans nous mettre aucunement en peine de ſavoir quelle eſt l’eſſence réelle ou les autres Qualitez de cette Créature. Ainſi, que les Naturaliſtes diſputent tant qu’ils voudront entr’eux, ſi un Enfant ou un Imbécille eſt Homme dans un ſens phyſique, cela n’intereſſe en aucune maniére l’Homme moral, ſi j’oſe l’appeler ainſi, que ne renferme autre choſe que cette idée immuable & inaltérable d’un Etre corporel & raiſonnable. Car ſi l’on trouvoit un Singe ou quelque autre Animal qui eût l’uſage de la Raiſon à tel dégré qu’il fût capable d’entendre les ſignes généraux & de tirer des conſéquences des idées générales, il ſeroit ſans doute ſujet aux Loix, & ſeroit Homme en ce ſens-là, quelque différent qu’il fût, par ſa forme extérieure, des autres Etres qui portent le nom d’Homme. Si les noms des Subſtances ſont employez comme il faut dans les Diſcours de Morale, ils n’y cauſeront non plus de déſordre que dans des Diſcours de Mathematique, dans leſquels ſi les Mathematiciens viennent à parler d’un Cube ou d’un Globe d’or, ou de quelque autre matiére, leur idée eſt claire & déterminée, ſans varier le moins du monde, quoi qu’elle puiſſe être appliquée par erreur à un Corps particulier, auquel elle n’appartient pas.
Concepts in this passage
Care of the soul
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Moral decorum
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Degrees of knowledge and probability
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Ether and field
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Family
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Ideas from sensation and reflection
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Impressions and assent
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Knowledge
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Law
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Mode
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Nature
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Nominal and real essence
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Personal identity and consciousness
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Primary and secondary qualities
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Prudent choice of pleasures
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Reason
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Simple and complex ideas
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Sin
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Substance
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Wisdom
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