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Plato
Phaedrus Passage 273
Passage 47 of 53
Canonical reference 273
Ancient Greek
perseus-plato-phaedrus-grc
ΦΑΙ. αὐτά γε, ὦ Σώκρατες, διελήλυθας ἃ λέγουσιν οἱ περὶ τοὺς λόγους τεχνικοὶ προσποιούμενοι εἶναι· ἀνεμνήσθην γὰρ ὅτι ἐν τῷ πρόσθεν βραχέως τοῦ τοιούτου ἐφηψάμεθα, δοκεῖ δὲ τοῦτο πάμμεγα εἶναι τοῖς περὶ ταῦτα. ΣΩ. ἀλλὰ μὴν τόν γε Τεισίαν αὐτὸν πεπάτηκας ἀκριβῶς· εἰπέτω τοίνυν καὶ τόδε ἡμῖν ὁ Τεισίας, μή τι ἄλλο λέγει τὸ εἰκὸς ἢ τὸ τῷ πλήθει δοκοῦν. ΦΑΙ. τί γὰρ ἄλλο; ΣΩ. τοῦτο δή, ὡς ἔοικε, σοφὸν εὑρὼν ἅμα καὶ τεχνικὸν ἔγραψεν ὡς ἐάν τις ἀσθενὴς καὶ ἀνδρικὸς ἰσχυρὸν καὶ δειλὸν συγκόψας, ἱμάτιον ἤ τι ἄλλο ἀφελόμενος, εἰς δικαστήριον ἄγηται, δεῖ δὴ τἀληθὲς μηδέτερον λέγειν, ἀλλὰ τὸν μὲν δειλὸν μὴ ὑπὸ μόνου φάναι τοῦ ἀνδρικοῦ συγκεκόφθαι, τὸν δὲ τοῦτο μὲν ἐλέγχειν ὡς μόνω ἤστην, ἐκείνῳ δὲ καταχρήσασθαι τῷ πῶς δʼ ἂν ἐγὼ τοιόσδε τοιῷδε ἐπεχείρησα; ὁ δʼ οὐκ ἐρεῖ δὴ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ κάκην, ἀλλά τι ἄλλο ψεύδεσθαι ἐπιχειρῶν τάχʼ ἂν ἔλεγχόν πῃ παραδοίη τῷ ἀντιδίκῳ. καὶ περὶ τἆλλα δὴ τοιαῦτʼ ἄττα ἐστὶ τὰ τέχνῃ λεγόμενα. οὐ γάρ, ὦ Φαῖδρε; ΦΑΙ. τί μήν; ΣΩ. φεῦ, δεινῶς γʼ ἔοικεν ἀποκεκρυμμένην τέχνην ἀνευρεῖν ὁ Τεισίας ἢ ἄλλος ὅστις δή ποτʼ ὢν τυγχάνει καὶ ὁπόθεν χαίρει ὀνομαζόμενος. ἀτάρ, ὦ ἑταῖρε, τούτῳ ἡμεῖς πότερον λέγωμεν ἢ μὴ - ΦΑΙ. τὸ ποῖον; ΣΩ. ὅτι, ὦ Τεισία, πάλαι ἡμεῖς, πρὶν καὶ σὲ παρελθεῖν, τυγχάνομεν λέγοντες ὡς ἄρα τοῦτο τὸ εἰκὸς τοῖς πολλοῖς διʼ ὁμοιότητα τοῦ ἀληθοῦς τυγχάνει ἐγγιγνόμενον· τὰς δὲ ὁμοιότητας ἄρτι διήλθομεν ὅτι πανταχοῦ ὁ τὴν ἀλήθειαν εἰδὼς κάλλιστα ἐπίσταται εὑρίσκειν. ὥστʼ εἰ μὲν ἄλλο τι περὶ τέχνης λόγων λέγεις, ἀκούοιμεν ἄν· εἰ δὲ μή, οἷς νυνδὴ διήλθομεν πεισόμεθα, ὡς ἐὰν μή τις τῶν τε ἀκουσομένων τὰς φύσεις διαριθμήσηται, καὶ κατʼ εἴδη τε διαιρεῖσθαι τὰ ὄντα καὶ μιᾷ ἰδέᾳ δυνατὸς ᾖ καθʼ ἓν ἕκαστον περιλαμβάνειν, οὔ ποτʼ ἔσται τεχνικὸς λόγων πέρι καθʼ ὅσον δυνατὸν ἀνθρώπῳ. ταῦτα δὲ οὐ μή ποτε κτήσηται ἄνευ πολλῆς πραγματείας· ἣν οὐχ ἕνεκα τοῦ λέγειν καὶ πράττειν πρὸς ἀνθρώπους δεῖ διαπονεῖσθαι τὸν σώφρονα, ἀλλὰ τοῦ θεοῖς κεχαρισμένα μὲν λέγειν δύνασθαι, κεχαρισμένως δὲ πράττειν τὸ πᾶν εἰς δύναμιν.
English
Benjamin Jowett · perseus-plato-phaedrus-en
Phaedrus. You have stated just what those say who pretend to possess the art of speech, Socrates. I remember that we touched upon this matter briefly before, but the professional rhetoricians think it is of great importance. Socrates. Well, there is Tisias whom you have studied carefully; now let Tisias himself tell us if he does not say that probability is that which most people think. Phaedrus. That is just what he says. Socrates. Apparently after he had invented this clever scientific definition, he wrote that if a feeble and brave man assaulted a strong coward, robbed him of his cloak or something, and was brought to trial for it, neither party ought to speak the truth; the coward should say that he had not been assaulted by the brave man alone, whereas the other should prove that only they two were present and should use the well-known argument, How could a little man like me assault such a man as he is? The coward will not acknowledge his cowardice, but will perhaps try to invent some other lie, and thus give his opponent a chance to confute him. And in other cases there are other similar rules of art. Is that not so, Phaedrus? Phaedrus. Certainly. Socrates. Oh, a wonderfully hidden art it seems to be which Tisias has brought to light, or some other, whoever he may be and whatever country he is proud to call his own! But, my friend, shall we say in reply to this, or shall we not - Phaedrus. What? Socrates. Tisias, some time ago, before you came along, we were saying that this probability of yours was accepted by the people because of its likeness to truth; and we just stated that he who knows the truth is always best able to discover likenesses. And so, if you have anything else to say about the art of speech, we will listen to you; but if not, we will put our trust in what we said just now, that unless a man take account of the characters of his hearers and is able to divide things by classes and to comprehend particulars under a general idea, he will never attain the highest human perfection in the art of speech. But this ability he will not gain without much diligent toil, which a wise man ought not to undergo for the sake of speaking and acting before men, but that he may be able to speak and to do everything, so far as possible, in a manner pleasing to the gods.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-11
Phèdre. Tu as exposé exactement ce que disent ceux qui prétendent posséder l’art de la parole, Socrate. Je me souviens que nous avons brièvement abordé cette question auparavant, mais les rhéteurs professionnels pensent qu’elle est d’une grande importance.
Socrate. Eh bien, il y a Tisias, que tu as étudié avec soin. Que Tisias lui-même nous dise maintenant s’il n’affirme pas que le vraisemblable est ce que pense la plupart des gens.
Phèdre. C’est exactement ce qu’il affirme.
Socrate. Apparemment, après avoir inventé cette habile définition scientifique, il écrivit que si un homme faible mais courageux agressait un homme fort mais lâche, lui dérobait son manteau ou quelque autre objet, puis était traduit en justice pour cela, aucune des deux parties ne devait dire la vérité. Le lâche devait déclarer qu’il n’avait pas été agressé par le seul homme courageux; l’autre devait prouver qu’ils étaient seuls tous les deux et employer l’argument bien connu: «Comment un petit homme tel que moi aurait-il pu agresser un homme tel que lui?» Le lâche n’avouera pas sa lâcheté, mais essaiera peut-être d’inventer quelque autre mensonge, donnant ainsi à son adversaire l’occasion de le réfuter. Dans les autres cas, il existe d’autres règles de l’art semblables. N’est-ce pas, Phèdre?
Phèdre. Certainement.
Socrate. Oh, c’est un art merveilleusement caché, semble-t-il, que Tisias a mis au jour, ou quelque autre homme, quel qu’il soit et quel que soit le pays qu’il se glorifie d’appeler le sien! Mais, mon ami, lui répondrons-nous ceci, ou ne le ferons-nous pas...
Phèdre. Quoi donc?
Socrate. «Tisias, il y a quelque temps, avant que tu n’arrives, nous disions que ce vraisemblable qui est le tien était accepté par les gens en raison de sa ressemblance avec la vérité; et nous venons d’affirmer que celui qui connaît la vérité est toujours le plus capable de découvrir les ressemblances. Si donc tu as quelque autre chose à dire sur l’art de la parole, nous t’écouterons; sinon, nous nous fierons à ce que nous venons de dire: à moins qu’un homme ne tienne compte du caractère de ses auditeurs, qu’il ne sache diviser les choses selon leurs classes et ramener les éléments particuliers sous une idée générale, il n’atteindra jamais la plus haute perfection humaine dans l’art de la parole. Mais il n’acquerra pas cette capacité sans beaucoup de labeur assidu, qu’un homme sage ne doit pas entreprendre afin de parler et d’agir devant les hommes, mais afin d’être capable, autant que possible, de parler et de tout accomplir d’une manière agréable aux dieux.»
Concepts in this passage
Aponia
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Beneficence
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Care of the soul
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Courage
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Elenchus
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Intelligible forms
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Friendship
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God
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Justice
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Knowledge
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Memory
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Philosophical eros
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Reason
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Rhetoric
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Roles and relationships
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Self-governance
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Sin
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Time
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Truth
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War and peace
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Wisdom
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