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Plutarch
On the E at Delphi Section 2
Section 2 of 21
Canonical reference 2
Ancient Greek
ὅτι μὲν γὰρ οὐχ ἧττον ὁ θεὸς φιλόσοφος ἢ μάντις, ἐδόκει πᾶσιν ὀρθῶς πρὸς τοῦτο τῶν ὀνομάτων ἕκαστον Ἀμμώνιος τίθεσθαι καὶ διδάσκειν, ὡς Πύθιος μέν ἐστι τοῖς ἀρχομένοις μανθάνειν καὶ διαπυνθάνεσθαι· Δήλιος δὲ καὶ Φαναῖος οἷς ἤδη τι δηλοῦται καὶ ὑποφαίνεται τῆς ἀληθείας· Ἰσμήνιος δὲ τοῖς ἔχουσι τὴν ἐπιστήμην, καὶ Λεσχηνόριος ὅταν ἐνεργῶσι καὶ ἀπολαύωσι χρώμενοι τῷ διαλέγεσθαι καὶ φιλοσοφεῖν πρὸς ἀλλήλους. ἐπεὶ δὲ τοῦ φιλοσοφεῖν ἔφη τὸ ζητεῖν τὸ · θαυμάζειν καὶ ἀπορεῖν, εἰκότως τὰ πολλὰ τῶν περὶ τὸν θεὸν ἔοικεν αἰνίγμασι κατακεκρύφθαι, καὶ λόγον τινὰ ποθοῦντα διὰ τί καὶ διδασκαλίαν τῆς αἰτίας· οἷον ἐπὶ τοῦ πυρὸς τοῦ ἀθανάτου, τὸ κάεσθαι μόνον αὐτόθι τῶν, ξύλων ἐλάτην καὶ δάφνην ἐπιθυμιᾶσθαι, καὶ τὸ δύο Μοίρας ἱδρῦσθαι πανταχοῦ τριῶν νομιζομένων, τὸ μηδεμιᾷ γυναικὶ πρὸς τὸ χρηστήριον εἶναι προσελθεῖν· καὶ τὸ τοῦ τρίποδος, καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα, τοῖς μὴ παντάπασιν ἀλόγοις καὶ ἀψύχοις ὑφειμένα δελεάζει καὶ παρακαλεῖ πρὸς τὸ σκοπεῖν τι καὶ ἀκούειν καὶ διαλέγεσθαι περὶ αὐτῶν. ὅρα δὲ καὶ ταυτὶ τὰ προγράμματα, τὸ γνῶθι σαυτόν καὶ τὸ μηδὲν ἄγαν, ὅσας ζητήσεις κεκίνηκε φιλοσόφους καὶ ὅσον λόγων πλῆθος ἀφʼ ἑκάστου καθάπερ ἀπὸ σπέρματος ἀναπέφυκεν · ὧν οὐδενὸς ἧττον οἶμαι γόνιμον λόγων εἶναι τὸ νῦν ζητούμενον.
English
R. Kippax, 1874
Since therefore this God is no less a philosopher than a prophet, Ammonius seemed to all of us rightly to apply every one of his names to this purpose, and to teach that he is Pythius (or a questionist ) to those who begin to learn and enquire; Delius and Phanaeus (or a manifester and prover ) to those to whom somewhat of the truth is already manifest and shines forth; Ismenius (or knowing ) to those that have acquired knowledge; and Leschenorius (or discoursing ) when they practise and enjoy their science, making use of it to discourse and philosophize with one another. Now, forasmuch as to philosophize implies to enquire, to wonder, and to doubt, it is probable (he said) that many of the things that concern God are not unfitly concealed under enigmas, and require that one should ask the reason why, and seek to be instructed in the causes, - as, why of all wood fir only is burnt in the eternal fire, why the laurel only is used in fumigations, why there are erected but two statues of the Fates, they being everywhere else thought to be three, why no woman is permitted to have access to the oracle, what is the reason of the tripod, and other such like things, which, being proposed to those who are not altogether irrational and soulless, allure and incite them to consider, hear, and discourse something about them. And do but behold how many questions these inscriptions, Know thyself and Nothing too much, have set afoot amongst the philosophers, and what a multitude of discourses has sprung up from each of them, as from a seed; than neither of which, I think the matter now in question to be less fruitful.
French AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-13
Puisque ce dieu n’est pas moins philosophe que prophète, Ammonios nous paraissait avoir raison de rapporter chacun de ses noms à cette fonction et d’enseigner qu’il est Pythios, c’est-à-dire interrogateur, pour ceux qui commencent à apprendre et à chercher ; Délios et Phanaios, c’est-à-dire révélateur et démonstrateur, pour ceux auxquels une part de la vérité se manifeste déjà et commence à luire ; Isménios, c’est-à-dire connaissant, pour ceux qui ont acquis la connaissance ; enfin Leschénorios, c’est-à-dire causeur, lorsqu’ils pratiquent leur science et en jouissent en s’en servant pour converser et philosopher les uns avec les autres.
Or, puisque philosopher implique de chercher, de s’étonner et de douter, il est probable, disait-il, que beaucoup de choses relatives au dieu sont, non sans raison, cachées sous des énigmes et exigent que l’on en demande le pourquoi et que l’on cherche à en connaître les causes : pourquoi, de tous les bois, le sapin seul est-il brûlé dans le feu éternel ? Pourquoi le laurier seul est-il employé dans les fumigations ? Pourquoi n’élève-t-on que deux statues des Moires, alors que partout ailleurs on estime qu’elles sont trois ? Pourquoi aucune femme n’est-elle autorisée à accéder à l’oracle ? Quelle est la raison du trépied ? Il en va de même pour d’autres questions semblables qui, proposées à des gens qui ne sont pas entièrement dépourvus de raison et d’âme, les attirent et les incitent à réfléchir, à écouter et à en discuter. Voyez seulement combien de questions ces inscriptions, « Connais-toi toi-même » et « Rien de trop », ont suscitées parmi les philosophes, et quelle multitude de discours a germé de chacune d’elles comme d’une semence. Je ne crois pas que le sujet dont nous traitons maintenant soit moins fécond que l’une ou l’autre.
Concepts in this passage
Aporia
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Care of the soul
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Comparative character
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Death
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Desire
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Ether and field
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Family
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Friendship
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God
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Knowledge
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Learning and repeated practice
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Nature
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Philosophical training
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Probable judgment
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Prophecy
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Reason
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Sin
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Truth
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Wisdom
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