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Seneca
On Anger Chapter 16
Chapter 16 of 100
Canonical reference 1.16
Latin
Perseus canonical Latin TEI
Ergo ad coercitionem errantium sceleratorumque irato castigatore non opus est ; nam cum ira delictum animi sit, non oportet peccata corrigere peccantem. " Quid ergo ? Non irascar latroni ? Quid ergo ? Non irascar venefico ? " Non ; neque enim mihi irascor, cum sanguinem mitto. Omne poenae genus remedi loco admoveo. Tu adhuc in prima parte versaris errorum nec graviter labens sed frequenter ; obiurgatio te primum secreta deinde publicata emendare temptabit. Tu longius iam processisti, quam ut possis verbis sanari; ignominia contineberis. Tibi fortius aliquid et quod sentias inurendum est ; in exilium et loca ignota mittens. In te duriora remedia iam solida nequitia desiderat ; et vincula publica et carcer adhibebitur. Tibi insanabilis animus et sceleribus scelera contexens, et iam non causis, quae numquam malo defuturae sunt, impelleris, sed satis tibi est magna ad peccandum causa peccare, perbibisti nequitiam et ita visceribus immiscuisti, ut nisi cum ipsis exire non possit; olim miser mori quaeris ; bene de te merebimur, auferemus tibi istam qua vexas, vexaris insaniam et per tua alienaque volutato supplicia id quod unum tibi bonum superest repraesentabimus, mortem. Quare irascar cui cum maxime prosum ? Interim optimum misericordiae genus est occidere. Si intrassem valetudinarium exercitus ut sciens aut domus divitis, non idem imperassem omnibus per diversa aegrotantibus ; varia in tot animis vitia video et civitati curandae adhibitus sum; pro cuiusque morbo medicina quaeratur, hunc sanet verecundia, hunc peregrinatio, hunc dolor, hunc egestas, hunc ferrum. Itaque etsi perversa induenda magistratui vestis et convocanda classico contio est, procedam in tribunal non furens nec infestus sed vultu legis et illa sollemnia verba leni magis gravique quam rabida voce concipiam et agi lege iubebo non iratus sed severus ; et cum cervicem noxio imperabo praecidi et cum parricidas insuam culleo et cum mittam in supplicium militare et cum Tarpeio proditorem hostemve publicum imponam, sine ira eo vultu animoque ero, quo serpentes et animalia venenata percutio. " Iracundia opus est ad puniendum." Quid ? Tibi lex videtur irasci iis quos non novit, quos non vidit, quos non futuros sperat ? Illius itaque sumendus est animus, quae non irascitur, sed constituit. Nam si bono viro ob mala facinora irasci convenit, et ob secundas res malorum hominum invidere conveniet. Quid enim est indignius quam florere improbos quosdam et eos indulgentia fortunae abuti, quibus nulla potest satis mala inveniri fortuna ? Sed tam commoda illorum sine invidia videbit quam scelera sine ira ; bonus iudex damnat improbanda, non odit. " Quid ergo ? Non, cum eiusmodi aliquid sapiens habebit in manibus, tangetur animus eius eritque solito commotior ? " Fateor ; sentiet levem quendam tenuemque motum ; nam, ut dicit Zenon, in sapientis quoque animo, etiam eum vulnus sanatum est, cicatrix manet. Sentiet itaque suspiciones quasdam et umbras affectuum, ipsis quidem carebit.
English
Aubrey Stewart · Minor Dialogues Together with the Dialogue on Clemency (1889)
We do not, therefore, need an angry chastiser to punish the erring and wicked: for since anger is a crime of the mind, it is not right that sins should be punished by sin. “What! am I not to be angry with a robber, or a poisoner?” No: for I am not angry with myself when I bleed myself. I apply all kinds of punishment as remedies. You are as yet only in the first stage of error, and do not go wrong seriously, although you do so often: then I will try to amend you by a reprimand given first in private and then in public. You, again, have gone too far to be restored to virtue by words alone; you must be kept in order by disgrace. For the next, some stronger measure is required, something that he can feel must be branded upon him; you, sir, shall be sent into exile and to a desert place. The next man’s thorough villany needs harsher remedies: chains and public imprisonment must be applied to him. You, lastly, have an incurably vicious mind, and add crime to crime: you have come to such a pass, that you are not influenced by the arguments which are never wanting to recommend evil, but sin itself is to you a sufficient reason for sinning: you have so steeped your whole heart in wickedness, that wickedness cannot be taken from you without bringing your heart with it. Wretched man! you have long sought to die; we will do you good service, we will take away that madness from which you suffer, and to you who have so long lived a misery to yourself and to others, we will give the only good thing which remains, that is, death. Why should I be angry with a man just when I am doing him good: sometimes the truest form of compassion is to put a man to death. If I were a skilled and learned physician, and were to enter a hospital, or a rich man’s house, I should not have prescribed the same treatment for all the patients who were suffering from various diseases. I see different kinds of vice in the vast number of different minds, and am called in to heal the whole body of citizens: let us seek for the remedies proper for each disease. This man may be cured by his own sense of honour, that one by travel, that one by pain, that one by want, that one by the sword. If, therefore, it becomes my duty as a magistrate to put on black robes, and summon an assembly by the sound of a trumpet, I shall walk to the seat of judgment not in a rage or in a hostile spirit, but with the countenance of a judge; I shall pronounce the formal sentence in a grave and gentle rather than a furious voice, and shall bid them proceed sternly, yet not angrily. Even when I command a criminal to be beheaded, when I sew a parricide up in a sack, when I send a man to be punished by military law, when I fling a traitor or public enemy down the Tarpeian Rock, I shall be free from anger, and shall look and feel just as though I were crushing snakes and other venomous creatures. “Anger is necessary to enable us to punish.” What? do you think that the law is angry with men whom it does not know, whom it has never seen, who it hopes will never exist? We ought, therefore, to adopt the law’s frame of mind, which does not become angry, but merely defines offences: for, if it is right for a good man to be angry at wicked crimes, it will also be right for him to be moved with envy at the prosperity of wicked men: what, indeed, is more scandalous than that in some cases the very men, for whose deserts no fortune could be found bad enough, should flourish and actually be the spoiled children of success? Yet he will see their affluence without envy, just as he sees their crimes without anger: a good judge condemns wrongful acts, but does not hate them. “What then? when the wise man is dealing with something of this kind, will his mind not be affected by it and become excited beyond its usual wont?” I admit that it will: he will experience a slight and trifling emotion; for, as Zeno says, “Even in the mind of the wise man, a scar remains after the wound is quite healed.” He will, therefore, feel certain hints and semblances of passions; but he will be free from the passions themselves.
French
Joseph Baillard · Œuvres complètes de Sénèque le Philosophe (1914)
« Quoi ! je ne me courroucerai pas contre un voleur, contre un empoisonneur ! » Non, pas plus que je ne me courrouce contre moi-même quand je me tire du sang. Toute espèce de châtiment est un remède, et je l’applique comme tel. Toi qui ne fais encore que débuter dans le mal, dont les chutes, quoique fréquentes, ne sont pas graves, j’essayerai, pour te ramener, d’abord les remontrances secrètes, ensuite la réprimande publique. Toi qui es allé trop loin pour que des paroles puissent te sauver, tu seras contenu par l’ignominie. À toi, il faut un stigmate plus fort, plus pénétrant : on t’enverra en exil, sur des bords ignorés. Ta corruption invétérée exige-t-elle des remèdes encore plus énergiques, les fers et la prison publiques t’attendent. Mais toi, dont le moral est désespéré et la vie un tissu de crimes, poussé que tu es non par de ces motifs qui ne manqueront jamais au méchant, mais par une cause pour toi assez puissante, le plaisir de mal faire, tu as bu l’iniquité jusqu’à la lie, et tes entrailles en sont tellement infectées, qu’il faudrait te les arracher pour l’en faire sortir. Malheureux ! qu’il y a longtemps que tu cherches la mort ! eh bien, tu vas nous rendre grâces : nous te sauverons du vertige dont tu es la proie : après t’être vautré dans le mal pour ton supplice comme pour celui des autres, il n’est plus pour toi qu’un seul bien possible, la mort, que nous t’allons donner sur-le-champ . - Pourquoi m’emporterais-je contre lui à l’heure où je lui rends le plus grand service ? Il est des cas où la pitié la mieux entendue est d’ôter la vie. Si, homme d’expérience et de savoir, j’entrais dans une infirmerie ou dans la maison d’un riche, je ne prescrirais pas le même traitement pour des affections différentes Je vois dans les âmes une grande variété de vices, et c’est toute une cité qu’on m’appelle à guérir : à chaque maladie je dois chercher son spécifique. Ici réussira la honte ; là le bannissement ; ailleurs la douleur physique ; plus loin la perte des biens, de la vie. Si, comme juge, je dois revêtir la robe de sinistre aspect , s’il y a lieu de convoquer le peuple au son de la trompette, Je monterai au tribunal non point en furieux ou en ennemi, mais avec le visage de la loi ; ses paroles solennelles seront répétées par moi d’une voix plutôt calme et grave qu’emportée ; et si je commande l’exécution, je serai sévère, mais point irrité. Et si je fais tomber sous la hache une tête coupable, ou coudre le sac du parricide, ou supplicier un soldat, ou monter sur la roche Tarpéienne un traître, un ennemi public, ce sera sans colère, mon visage ni mon âme ne seront pas autres que lorsque je frappe un reptile ou un animal venimeux. « On a besoin de colère pour punir. » Qu’est-ce à dire ? la loi te semble-t-elle irritée contre des hommes qu’elle ne connaît pas, qu’elle n’a pas vus, qu’elle espère ne voir jamais ? Prenons donc les mêmes-sentiments qu’elle : elle ne se courrouce point, elle prononce. Si c’est une convenance pour le juste de se courroucer contre le crime, il devra donc aussi porter envie aux succès des méchants. Car quoi de plus révoltant que de voir fleurir et abuser des faveurs du sort des hommes pour qui le sort ne saurait assez inventer de maux ? Mais leurs avantages excitent aussi peu son envie que leurs crimes sa colère. Un bon juge condamne ce que la loi réprouve : il ne hait point. « Comment ! s’écrie-t-on, les plus palpables injustices ne heurteront pas l’âme du sage, ne le tireront pas de son calme ? » Je le confesse, il éprouvera une légère, une faible émotion. Car, disait Zénon, dans l’âme du sage lui-même, la plaie fût-elle guérie, la cicatrice demeure. Oui, des semblants, des ombres de passions viendront l’effleurer ; des passions réelles, jamais.
Concepts in this passage
Affects
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Anger
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Care of the soul
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Compassion
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Compassion as moral basis
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Death
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Moral decorum
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Dukkha
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Duty
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Ether and field
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Exile
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Family
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Fortune
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Freedom
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Hope
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Judgment
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Justice
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Knowledge
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Law
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Mercy
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Messiah
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Mindfulness
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Necessity
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Steadfast patience
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Pleasure
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Poverty and wealth
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Reason
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Ressentiment
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Roles and relationships
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Salvation
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Self-governance
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Service
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Sin
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Spirit
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Suffering
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Time
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Virtue
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Virtue as the only good
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War and peace
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Wisdom
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