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Baruch Spinoza
Ethics, Émile Saisset’s French Translation Section section-0170
Section 170 of 300
Canonical reference section-0170
French
Émile Saisset or Paul Janet
Scholie : Toutes les actions qui résultent de cet ordre d’affections qui se rapportent à l’âme en tant qu’elle pense, constituent la force d’âme. Il y a deux espèces de force d’âme, savoir : l’intrépidité et la générosité. J’entends par intrépidité, ce désir qui porte chacun de nous à faire effort pour conserver son être en vertu des seuls commandements de la raison. J’entends par générosité, ce désir qui porte chacun de nous, en vertu des seuls commandements de la raison, à faire effort pour aider les autres hommes et se les attacher par les liens de l’amitié. Ainsi donc, ces actions qui ne tendent qu’à l’intérêt particulier de l’agent, je les rapporte à l’intrépidité, et à la générosité celles qui tendent en outre à l’intérêt d’autrui. De cette façon, la tempérance, la sobriété, la présence d’esprit dans le danger, etc., sont des espèces particulières d’intrépidité ; la modestie, la clémence, etc., sont des espèces, de générosité.
Il me semble maintenant que j’ai expliqué par ce qui précède les principales passions de l’âme, et ces fluctuations intérieures qui naissent des combinaisons diverses des trois passions primitives, le désir, la joie et la tristesse ; et je crois avoir ramené tous ces phénomènes à leurs premiers principes. On voit par là que nous sommes agités en mille façons par les causes extérieures ; et, comme les flots de la mer soulevés par des vents contraires, notre âme flotte entre les passions, dans l’ignorance de l’avenir et de sa destinée.
English AI-generated translation, non-official
Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-11
Scholium: All the actions resulting from this order of affections related to the mind insofar as it thinks constitute strength of mind. There are two species of strength of mind, namely, courage and generosity. By courage I mean the desire that leads each of us to endeavor to preserve his being according to the dictates of reason alone. By generosity I mean the desire that leads each of us, according to the dictates of reason alone, to endeavor to help other men and bind them to himself by the ties of friendship. Therefore, those actions that tend only to the particular interest of the agent I relate to courage, and those that also tend to the interest of others I relate to generosity. Thus temperance, sobriety, presence of mind in danger, etc., are particular species of courage; modesty, clemency, etc., are species of generosity.
It seems to me that in the foregoing I have now explained the principal passions of the mind and those inward fluctuations arising from the various combinations of the three primitive passions, desire, joy, and sadness; and I believe I have reduced all these phenomena to their first principles. From this we see that we are agitated in a thousand ways by external causes; and, like waves of the sea raised by contrary winds, our mind floats among the passions, ignorant of the future and of its destiny.
Concepts in this passage
Adequate idea
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Affects
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Anger
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Attribute
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Care of the soul
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Conatus
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Desire
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Family
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Force
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Freedom
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Friendship
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Human wisdom
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Intellectual love of God
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Knowledge
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Law
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Mode
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Necessity
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Philosophical eros
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Power to act
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Reason
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Self-governance
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Service
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Spirit
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Substance
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Suffering
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Virtue
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