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Cicero

On Duties Passage 37

Passage 37 of 371

Canonical reference 1.37

Latin

perseus-cicero-de_officiis-lat

M. quidem Catonis senis est epistula ad M. filium, in qua scribit se audisse eum missum factum esse a consule, cum in Macedonia bello Persico miles esset. Monet igitur, ut caveat, ne proelium ineat; negat enim ius esse, qui miles non sit, cum hoste pugnare. Equidem etiam illud animadverto, quod, qui proprio nomine perduellis esset, is hostis vocaretur, lenitate verbi rei tristitiam mitigatam. Hostis enim apud maiores nostros is dicebatur, quem nunc peregrinum dicimus. Indicant duodecim tabulae: aut status dies cum hoste, itemque: adversus hostem aeterna auctoritas. Quid ad hanc mansuetudinem addi potest, eum, quicum bellum geras, tam molli nomine appellare? Quamquam id nomen durius effect iam vetustas; a peregrino enim recessit et proprie in eo, qui arma contra ferret, remansit.

English AI-generated translation, non-official

Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-11

There is a letter from Marcus Cato the Elder to his son Marcus in which he writes that he has heard that his son, while serving in Macedonia during the war with Perseus, had been discharged by the consul. He therefore warns him to take care not to enter battle, for he maintains that one who is not a soldier has no right to fight an enemy. I also observe that the man who was properly called perduellis was termed hostis, the harshness of the fact being softened by the mildness of the word. Among our ancestors, hostis meant the person whom we now call a foreigner. The Twelve Tables show this: 'or a day appointed with a foreigner'; and likewise, 'against a foreigner the right of ownership is perpetual.' What can be added to such gentleness, to call the man against whom you wage war by so mild a name? Yet time has made the word harsher. It ceased to denote a foreigner and remained the proper term for one who bore arms against us.

French AI-generated translation, non-official

Codex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-11

Il existe aussi une lettre de Marcus Caton l’Ancien à son fils Marcus, dans laquelle il écrit avoir appris que le consul lui avait donné son congé tandis qu’il servait comme soldat en Macédoine pendant la guerre contre Persée. Il l’avertit donc de prendre garde à ne pas engager le combat, car, dit-il, celui qui n’est pas soldat n’a pas le droit de combattre l’ennemi. Je remarque encore ceci: celui qu’on appelait proprement perduellis, ennemi public, fut ensuite nommé hostis, terme dont la douceur atténuait la tristesse de la chose. Chez nos ancêtres, hostis désignait en effet celui que nous appelons aujourd’hui un étranger. Les Douze Tables l’indiquent: «ou le jour fixé avec un étranger», et encore: «contre un étranger, la garantie est perpétuelle». Que peut-on ajouter à une pareille douceur, qui donne un nom si modéré à celui contre lequel on fait la guerre? Toutefois, le temps a rendu ce mot plus dur: il a cessé de désigner l’étranger et s’est appliqué proprement à celui qui portait les armes contre nous.

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