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Work

Philippics

Cicero

In the Philippics, Cicero attacks Mark Antony and tries to rally the Senate to resistance after Caesar’s death. The speeches combine invective, constitutional argument, and alliance-building in a Republic already under threat.

Composition
44-43 BCE
Sources and precision

The range describes composition or formation of the text, distinct from the dates of the editions held.

Confidence B · strong consensus

Period
Antiquity
Languages
Latin · English · French
Extent
544 passages · 100,289 words

Before reading

What you will learn

Trace the development of an oratorical campaign, distinguish invective from institutional argument, and assess Cicero’s choices of alliance.

Short summary

In the Philippics, Cicero attacks Mark Antony and tries to rally the Senate to resistance after Caesar’s death. The speeches combine invective, constitutional argument, and alliance-building in a Republic already under threat.

Long summary

Across the speeches Cicero constructs Antony as a public enemy, interprets Caesar’s acts, and negotiates the place of Octavian, the consuls, and the armies. Repeated accusations serve a political campaign whose situation changes quickly.

Eloquence intervenes directly in conflict and exposes its author. The dossier requires information, hostile portraiture, and strategic proposal to be distinguished, then the gap between proclaimed defence of liberty and alliances needed for survival to be measured.

Inside this work

The table of contents follows the divisions actually carried by the corpus.

Work › Division

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All 544 references remain accessible through the reader and search. This table shows the first 240 to remain manageable.

Concepts covered

Historical context

The world around the text

The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.

These are modern reconstructions. They situate a documented place, practice, or transmission and are not period documents.

Modern reconstruction of Dictating at Tusculum for Philippics on Prokopton42.com
Dictating at TusculumA modern interpretation of Cicero in the documented context titled “Dictating at Tusculum”, set around 45 BCE.Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Cicero
Modern reconstruction of Material world: agriculture and food, 146 BCE for Philippics on Prokopton42.com
Material world: agriculture and food, 146 BCERome destroys Corinth and dominates Greece politically, while Greek philosophy increasingly shapes Roman elites. The image situates Philippics without claiming to show its scene of composition.
Modern reconstruction of Nearby historical landmark, 44 BCE for Philippics on Prokopton42.com
Nearby historical landmark, 44 BCEJulius Caesar is assassinated. A new civil war begins instead of restoring the old Republic. The image situates Philippics without claiming to show its scene of composition.

What the world looked like

Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE

Modern reconstruction of the material world around Philippics: Technology, science, and care
Technology, science, and carePaved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.
Modern reconstruction of the material world around Philippics: Travel and communication
Travel and communicationOn foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.
Modern reconstruction of the material world around Philippics: Farming and food
Farming and foodGrain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.
Modern reconstruction of the material world around Philippics: Clothing, women and men
Clothing, women and menTunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin.
State of technology
Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.
Science and knowledge
Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.
Medicine and care
Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.
Transport
On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.
Agriculture and food
Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.
Communication
Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.
Clothing and fashion
Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin.

Editions, translations, and provenance

The following carriers represent the text. They do not create new passage identities.

  • Latinoriginal
  • English AI-generated translation, non-officialCodex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-11
  • French AI-generated translation, non-officialCodex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-11
  • Englishhistorical_translation
  • French AI-generated translation, non-officialCodex gpt-5.6-sol · Non-official working translation · 2026-09-11

Source manifests: cicero.philippics, cicero.translation_carrier_en_08

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